Sultan Mohamed IV letter to the Cossacks from 1675!

And some info about the letter….
“In 1675 (Evarnickij 1895:517) or 1678 (Golobuckij 1957:320), the Sultan of Turkey and the Crimean Khan are said to have unsuccessfully attacked the Zaporozhian fortress of Sic’ (Russian Sec’) Following this fiasco, the Sultan of Turkey supposedly sent a threatening missive to the Zaporozhian cossacks demanding their submission to him, to which the cossacks replied with an abusive parody of the Sultan’s letter.”

Here is the letter of the Sultan…..

The Original:

The Transliteration:

The Translation:

From THE ZAPOROZHIAN LETTER TO THE TURKISH SULTAN: HISTORICAL COMMENTARY AND LINGUISTIC ANALYSYS by Victor A. Friedman published in Slavica Hierosolymitana, Vol. 2. Jerusalem: Magnes. 1978. P. 25-38.

Originally posted by Jordan Piperkata

GENERAL PLAN OF KERR’S COLLECTION OF VOYAGES AND TRAVELS

§ 8. Southwards, towards and along the mountains which are called the Alps, are the boundaries of the Baegthware and of the Swaefas already mentioned; and then to the eastwards of the Carendrae country, and beyond the Waste[39], is Pulgara-land or Bulgaria[40]. To the east is Greca-land[41] or Greece; and to the east of the Moroaro or Moravians, is Wisle-land[42]; and to the east of that is Datia, though it formerly belonged to the Gottan[43] or Goths. To the north-east of the Moroara or Moravians, are the Delamensen[44]. East of the Delamensen are the Horithi[45]; and north of the Delamensen are the Surpe[46]; to the west also are the Syssele[47]. To the north of the Horithi is Maegtha-land[48], and north of Maegtha-land is Sermende[49], quite to the Riffin[50], or the Riphean mountains.

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§ 10. We shall now speak of Greca-land or Greece, which lies south of the Danube. The Proponditis, or sea called Propontis, is _eastward_ of Constantinople; to the north of that city, an arm of the sea issues from the Euxine, and flows _westwards_; to the _north-west_ the mouths of the Danube empty themselves into the south-east part of the Euxine[64].
To the south and west of these mouths are the Maesi, a Greek nation; to the west are the Traci or Thracians, and to the east the Macedonians. To the south, on the southern arm of the Egean sea, are Athens and Corinth, and to the south-west of Corinth is Achaia, near the Mediterranean. All these countries are inhabited by the Greeks. To the west of Achaia is Dalmatia, along the Mediterranean; and on the north side of that sea, to the north of
Dalmatia, is Bulgaria and Istria. To the south of Istria is the Adriatic, to the west the Alps, and to the north, that desert which is between Carendan[65] and Bulgaria.

Taken from:

A General History and Collection of Voyages
and Travels, Volume I, by Robert Kerr

Kerr, Robert, 1755-1813

Cups found in the Samoils forthres

Macedonian fugitives in Austria

“Austria: Vienna, Prague, Hungary, Bohemia, and the Danube; Galicia, Styria, Moravia, Bukovina, and the Military Frontier.” by J. G. Kohl, 1844, page 269.

Originally posted by Jordan Piperkata

Online read

Hellenism in the balkan Penisula and Asia Minor

Originally posted by Jordan Piperkata

"History of the Christian Church" Volume II Part 1, By James Craigie Robertson

Page 369:

Page 385:

Page 386:

From the book “History of the Christian Church” Volume II Part 1, By James Craigie Robertson, 1862, page 369, 385 and 386.

Originally posted by Jordan Piperkata

Macedonian Evangeliar of Tsar Samuil

Jdenfalls gelangten Originalhandschriften wie der sammelband Symeneons aus Preslav und der makedonische Evangeliar des Zaren Samuil, der dem Novogroder Evangeliar von Ostromir(1056/57) zugrundelag, nach Kiev;

Celto Slavika

Jdenfalls gelangten Originalhandschriften wie der sammelband Symeneons aus Preslav und der makedonische Evangeliar des Zaren Samuil, der dem Novogroder Evangeliar von Ostromir(1056/57) zugrundelag, nach Kiev;

Celto Slavika

Franken had the Roman Crown

Das Römische Reich wurde auf diese Weise auf die Franken übertragen (“Translatio Imperii“) und neben dem oströmischen Kaisertum gab es nun einen weiteren römischen Kaiser im Westen

translation:
The Roman empire was transferred in this manner on the francs (now “Translatio Imperii”) and beside the East Roman Empire there was an other Roman emperor in the west

Translatio Imperii

Confession of an Greek

In the ancient times the criteria for being Greek was “Greek by culture”.
In the Byzantine times the word Greek had a religious meaning including the followers of paganism, an ancient religion. So in the middle ages we speak about “Greek by religion”

In the first period of the Ottoman era there was no such thing as “Greek”. The determination “Greek” appears after the “New Greek enlightenment” at the end of 18th century (Elliniki Nomarhia, Rigas etc.). The criteria then was “Greek by ethnicity”. Today’s Greek state follows the racist law of “Greek by blood”. A public declaration that you are Greek, the assistance of local state trustees who verify your healthy national beliefs, along with a document that one of your ancestors was recorded somewhere as Greek are the necessary conditions for one to qualify to be Greek. I have seen some funny discussions between ex-soviet citizens on how they would be recognized as Greeks. “My uncle was Greek, and you?” “The cousin of my aunt” was Greek, etc, etc.

The criteria of what is Greek changes from time to time throughout history.
Greek by culture
Greek by religion
Greek by ethnicity
Greek by blood
How can you claim continuity of a group of people throughout time since the criteria to define this group has changed 4 times in this course of history?

By Alkiviades